A case report of thrombotic complete obstruction of the ascending aorta as a complication of Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: Steps to prevent thrombosis

Abstract

Background: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is an essential device in the field of emergency and intensive-care medicine. However, long-term use of VA-ECMO has various severe complications, including thrombosis. Case presentation: A 60-year-old man underwent his third aortic root replacement using a homograft because of infectious endocarditis. Although the operation was difficult because of severe adhesion caused by the two previous interventions, aortic root replacement using a homograft was performed. At the time of withdrawal from cardiopulmonary bypass, the maintenance of hemodynamics was difficult because of bleeding from the surgical site, leading to hypovolemic shock. Cardiac function subsequently deteriorated; therefore, VA-ECMO was established and the operation was finished. Three days later, thrombus was formed inside the homograft and completely occluded ascending aorta. Evacuation of hematoma was performed, however, cardiac function was not ameliorated. Eventually, the patient had brain infarction and died. To prevent thrombus formation in very severe low cardiac output cases under VA-ECMO management after surgery, to prevent the stagnation of the blood flow from VA-ECMO will be necessary because anticoagulant therapy will be difficult. Impella ventricular assist device which is recently used widely generates anterograde blood flow and effectively prevents stagnation. Conclusions: To prevent thrombus formation in cases of very severe low cardiac output, Impella® should be combinatorially introduced from the beginning of VA-ECMO establishment to prevent thrombosis.