Recent insights into the SWI/SNF complex and the molecular mechanism of hSNF5 deficiency in rhabdoid tumors

Abstract

Genetic information encoded by DNA is packaged in the nucleus using the chromatin structure. The accessibility of transcriptional elements in DNA is controlled by the dynamic structural changes of chromatin for the appropriate regulation of gene transcription. Chromatin structure is regulated by two general mechanisms, one is histone modification and the other is chromatin remodeling in an ATP-dependent manner. Switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complexes utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to mobilize nucleosomes and remodel the chromatin structure, contributing to conformational changes in chromatin. Recently, the inactivation of encoding genes for subunits of the SWI/SNF complexes has been documented in a series of human cancers, accounting for up to almost 20% of all human cancers. For example, human SNF5 (hSNF5), the gene that encodes a subunit of the SWI/SNF complexes, is the sole mutation target that drives malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT). Despite remarkably simple genomes, the MRT has highly malignant characteristics. As a key to understanding MRT tumorigenesis, it is necessary to fully examine the mechanism of chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF complexes. Herein, we review the current understanding of chromatin remodeling by focusing on SWI/SNF complexes. In addition, we describe the molecular mechanisms and influences of hSNF5 deficiency in rhabdoid tumors and the prospects for developing new therapeutic targets to overcome the epigenetic drive of cancer that is caused by abnormal chromatin remodeling.