Electrochemical determination of tramadol using modified screen-printed electrode

Abstract

The detection of tramadol using a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with La3+/ZnO nano-flowers and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (La3+/ZnO NFs-MWCNTs/SPE) is reported in this work. To examine electrochemical oxidation of tramadol, the modified electrode was implemented with the utilization of differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry as diagnostic techniques. The proposed electrode displays favorable electrocatalytic behavior concerning tramadol oxidation with an approximately 330 mV potential shift to less positive potential. In the range of tramadol concentrations of 0.5 to 800.0 μM, differential pulse voltammetry displays the linear response. Tramadol detection limit of 0.08 μM was achieved within optimized testing conditions for this sensor of simple construction. Lastly, the fabricated sensor was utilized for the determination of tramadol in urine samples.