Gonadal hormone abnormalities in young patients with first-episode schizophrenia

Abstract

Background: Gonadal hormones have been reported to be involved in the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia (SCH). However, only a few studies have examined the gonadal hormone dysfunctions in first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients, in particular in young patients with SCH. This study was designed to investigate the sex differences in gonadal hormones in young and antipsychotic-naïve FES patients. Methods: One hundred and sixty-two patients with SCH and 74 healthy controls were recruited, and blood gonadal hormones, including estradiol (E2), follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (PROG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (TESTO), were measured in young FES patients and controls. Results: We found that both male and female young FES patients showed gonadal hormone disturbances at the onset of psychosis. Male patients exhibited a significantly higher rate of abnormal E2 (25.6% vs 3.9%), while female patients had higher rates of abnormal FSH (0% vs 5.3%), PROG (0% vs 21.1%), LH (3.5% vs 17.1%), and TESTO (3.5% vs 13.2%) (all P < .05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis further identified that specific gonadal hormone indices, including E2, LH, and TESTO, were factors associated with sex differences in young FES patients, after controlling for age, smoking status, and body mass index. Conclusions: Our study reveals an overall gonadal hormone imbalance in young antipsychotic-naïve FES patients, highlighting sex differences at the onset of psychosis. Our study provides a foundation for further research into the role of gonadal hormones in the pathophysiology of SCH and the potential for personalized medicine approaches based on hormonal balance. Future studies were warranted to explore these differences and their implications for clinical practice to improve the treatment outcomes for individuals suffering from SCH.