Vulnerability of multi-designated landscape and its connectivity toward conservation: a case study in Kampar Kerumutan, Riau, Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia is declared by the United Nations as a country that meets its conservation targets. However, Indonesia has not maximized the potential conservation of its territory, and the ecosystem is still threatened by anthropogenic activity, particularly due to small and large-scale cultivation. In addition, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) built taskforces at the national level to avoid greenhouse gas emissions through FOLU Net Sink 2030, which could tackle climate and biodiversity crises. Therefore, identifying other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) and creating a sustainable management framework by elaborating on the carbon pool and its dynamics across the Indonesian landscape is crucial for meeting the targets of the global conservation agenda. Kampar Kerumutan Landscape (KKL) is one of the critical landscapes in Indonesia with high potential conservation for biodiversity and high intervention from various concessions. Our results showed that most KKLs were potential restoration areas. Industrial forest plantations (IFP) pose the highest threat to conservation. To connect the potentially highly conserved areas within KKL for species mobility, restoration projects (particularly in the IFP, Protected Areas, and Non-managed areas) should be conducted to achieve human and natural balance in the KKL.