Regulatory effect of insulin on the structure, function and metabolism of Na + /K + ‑ATPase (Review)

Abstract

Na + /K +-ATPase is an ancient enzyme, the role of which is to maintain Na + and K + gradients across cell membranes, thus preserving intracellular ion homeostasis. The regulation of Na + /K +-ATPase is affected by several regulatory factors through a number of pathways, with hormones serving important short-term and long-term regulatory functions. Na + /K +-ATPase can also be degraded through activation of the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal pathways, thereby affecting its abundance and enzymatic activity. As regards the regulatory effect of insulin, it has been found to upregulate the relative abundance of Na + /K +-ATPase and restore the transport efficiency in multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments. Therefore, elucidating the role of insulin in the regulation Na + /K +-ATPase may help uncover new drug targets for the treatment of related diseases. The aim of the present study was to review the structure and function of Na + /K +-ATPase and to discuss the possible mechanisms through which it may be regulated by insulin, in order to investigate the possibility of designing new therapies for related diseases.