Comparing Measures of Association in 2×2 Probability Tables

Abstract

Measures of association play a role in selecting 2×2 tables exhibiting strong dependence in high-dimensional binary data. Several measures are in use differing on specific tables and in their dependence on the margins. We study a 2-dimensional group of margin transformations on the 3-dimensional manifold of all 2×2 probability tables. The margin transformations allow introducing natural coordinates that identify with the real 3-space such that the x -axis corresponds to and margins vary on planes x =const. We use these coordinates to visualise and compare measures of association with respect to their dependence on the margins given the odds-ratio, their limit behaviour when cells approach zero and their weighting properties. We propose a novel measure of association in which tables with single small entries are up-weighted but those with skewed margins are down-weighted according to the relative entropy among the tables of the same odds-ratio.