Sex differences in the correlation between lipids related to cardiovascular risk factors and small dense LDL particles in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Objective: Sex differences in lipid metabolism associated with prevalent small dense (S-) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol particles are not elucidated. An LDL to apolipoprotein B (ApoB) ratio < 1.2 can estimate how prevalent S-LDL particles are and, thus, reflect cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sex distribution of LDL/ApoB ratio among patients with type 2 diabetes (DM) and to assess, in both sexes, the correlations between key lipid parameters and LDL/ApoB < 1.2. Subjects and methods: The study included 190 Caucasian participants (mean age 51.8 ± 6.4 years) with DM (DM group) or without DM (control group) divided into subgroups according to sex. The participants were examined for levels of several lipid parameters, selected lipid-related oxidative stress markers, and estimated S-LDL prevalence. Results: An LDL/ApoB < 1.2 (p < 0.05) was observed in 67% of male and female patients with DM. Although triglyceride levels did not differ between men and women, women had higher levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01) than men. Among women with LDL/ApoB < 1.2, strong correlations were observed between values of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and atherogenic index of plasma (p < 0.005) and between levels of triglycerides and LOOH (p < 0.005) and ApoB (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The findings indicate that women with LDL/ApoB < 1.2 tend to have a higher cardiovascular risk than men. Additionally, LDL/ApoB < 1.2 can be a surrogate marker for estimating the S-LDL prevalence in individuals with potentially increased cardiovascular risk.