Prevention of laparoscopic surgery induced hypothermia with warmed humidified insufflation: Is the experimental combination of a warming blanket synergistic?

Abstract

Introduction Maintaining normothermia during anesthesia is imperative to provide quality patient care and to prevent adverse outcomes. Prolonged laparoscopic procedures have been identified as a potential risk factor for hypothermia, due to continuous insufflation of cold and dry carbon dioxide. Perioperative hypothermia is associated with increased hospital cost and many complications including; impaired drug metabolism, impaired immune function, cardiac morbidity, shivering, coagulopathy. Methods In this experimental study, four pigs underwent four interventions each, resulting in 16 total trials. Using standardized general anesthesia in a randomized Latin-square sequence the four interventions include: 1. Control group without an administered pneumoperitoneum, 2. Administered standard pneumoperitoneum using 21C insufflated gas and under-body forced-air warming, 3. Administered pneumoperitoneum with insufflation of warmed/humidified carbon dioxide, 4. Administered pneumoperitoneum with insufflation of warmed/humidified carbon dioxide and under-body forced-air warming. The primary outcome was distal esophageal temperature change 4 hours after trocar insertion. Results Four hours after trocar insertion, pigs in the control group lost 2.1 ± 0.4C; pigs with warmed and humidified insufflation lost 1.8 ± 0.4C; pigs with forced-air warming group lost 1.3 ± 0.9C; and pigs exposed to a combination of warmed and humidified insufflation with forced-air warming increased by 0.3 ± 0.2C. Conclusion This experimental animal study provides evidence that a combination of warmed and humidified insufflation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in conjunction with forced-air warming is an effective strategy in the prevention of perioperative hypothermia. Further clinical trials investigating humans are therefore indicated.