Pharmacokinetics of antimycobacterial drugs in patients with tuberculosis, AIDS, and diarrhea

Abstract

To test the hypothesis that antituberculous drug disposition is altered in patients with AIDS, we studied the steady-state pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (300 mg/d), rifampin (600 mg/d), and pyrazinamide (1,500 mg/d) in 29 adults (14 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] and 15 non-HIV-infected patients) with tuberculosis in Nairobi, Kenya. Intestinal integrity was assessed with xylose. Neither HIV infection nor diarrhea accounted for the interpatient variability in the area-under-the-plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC), the maximum concentration, or the terminal half-life (t(1/2)) of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. No significant association between HIV infection or diarrhea and pharmacokinetics was seen for any of the compounds. In addition, neither the AUC nor the t(1/2) of any of these drugs reflected interpatient differences in CD4 lymphocyte counts. Xylose absorption was uniformly low. We did not demonstrate that HIV infection, diarrhea, or CD4 lymphocyte counts contributed significantly to the variability in pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in TB patients in Nairobi.