Fatigue crack growth behavior of carbon black-reinforced natural rubber

Abstract

Fatigue crack growth behavior of carbon black-reinforced natural rubber is investigated. Rubber compounds of Shore A ¼ 70 are prepared by varying the formulation loadings of a wide range of carbon black types based on their structure and surface area properties. The resulting fatigue crack growth behavior shows significant variation in b exponent values, depending on the properties of the carbon black. These variations are rationalized by considering the strain amplification of natural rubber by carbon black aggregates in the region of compound directly ahead of the crack tip. An assumption is made that little networking of the carbon black aggregates exists in this region of very high strain and that hydrodynamic calculations that consider occluded rubber can therefore provide realistic values for strain amplification. A reasonable scaling of power law crack growth parameters to calculated strain amplification factors is found, with the exponent, b, decreasing with increasing strain amplification. The implication here is that enhanced strain amplification promotes the formation of strain-induced crystallites in the crack tip region. Performance tradeoffs resulting from the crossover of crack growth data sets dependent on the carbon black type are discussed. Of practical significance is the fact that the strain amplification factors can be calculated directly from knowledge of carbon black type and loading in rubber formulations.