Benchmarking Energy Use Intensity of 33 Office Buildings in Indonesia

Abstract

The building sector, which is responsible for 40% of global energy usage and 36% of total greenhouse gas emissions, must contribute to net zero emissions by implementing energy-saving techniques and renewable energy sources, thereby reducing climate change. This study identifies buildings in Java and Sumatra, with focus on capital cities, as part of the Green Building Roadmap, aiming to conserve energy and water and reduce CO₂ emissions. The application of statistical analysis methodologies revealed that the mean Energy Use Intensity (EUI) was determined to be 160 kWh/m²/year. In this context, effective benchmarks that were set below 115 kWh/m²/year were indicative of high performance, while benchmarks that exceeded 190 kWh/m²/year were suggestive of significant inefficiency. The main energy users in office buildings were HVAC systems (64.7%), office equipment (15%), lighting systems (8.8%), lifts and escalators (7.0%), and other electrical equipment (about 4.5%). Implementing zero-energy buildings in Indonesia is attractive due to the low average EUI and the potential of photovoltaic energy in tropical countries. The research aims to provide practical reference data for evaluating building energy performance and potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions.