Knowledge and attitudes toward Autism Spectrum Disorder in Poland – results of a national survey and identification of key areas for educational initiatives

Abstract

Introduction and Objective. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication difficulties, repetitive behaviours, and atypical sensory responses. Despite increasing recognition, comprehensive understanding of ASD is lacking among the public and healthcare professionals. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge and opinions of Polish society on ASD, identifying the weakest areas to inform future educational initiatives. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to June 2024, involving 1,098 respondents, representative of the Polish population. Three questionnaires were used: an author-designed autism knowledge questionnaire, the Polish Autism Knowledge Questionnaire, and the Knowledge about Childhood Autism among Health Workers (KCAHW). Socio-demographic data were also collected. Results. 37% of respondents considered ASD rare, 34% had interacted with someone with ASD, and 18% had a family member with ASD. Genetics (26.5%), maternal alcohol use during pregnancy (10%), and vaccines (7%) were cited as causes. The Internet (85%) and social media (28%) were themain sources of information. The mean KCAHW score was 8.6 ± 5.5, indicating moderate ASD knowledge, with women, younger individuals, and those with higher education or personal contact scoring higher (p<0.001). Conclusions. Knowledge about ASD in Poland is moderate yet fragmented, with significant gaps that could impede early diagnosis and intervention. Targeted educational campaigns are needed, focusing on specific gaps, along with increased government support for early diagnosis.