Metamorphic turnover at 2 Ga related to two-stage assembly of Columbia

Abstract

Understanding the stabilization of cratons and how this is related to the onset of plate-tectonics is among the most important questions in geoscience. The assembly of Earth’s first supercontinent Columbia represents the first lines of evidence for a global subduction network, when the oldest, deep subduction-related rocks have been reported. We combine the low-, intermediate- and high-T/P global metamorphic record with the two-stage assembly of the Nuna-Columbia supercontinent to address the significance of the oldest “cold” rocks (low-T/P) and the related emergence of bimodal metamorphic belts. For this purpose, we analyse two examples from Laurentia (including Greenland) and Australia between 2.0–1.8 Ga and 1.8–1.6 Ga. Two main observations are: (i) a first-stage (2.0–1.8 Ga) amalgamation of the megacontinent Nuna (precursor to Columbia) is characterized by bimodal metamorphism along major mobile belts suturing the megacontinent’s center. In contrast, a second-stage (1.8–1.6 Ga) is dominated by the formation of soft collisional orogens during the final Columbia supercontinent assembly, recording intermediate- to high-T/P metamorphism; (ii) the metamorphic signature of the two assembly stages, featuring low- and intermediate-T/P rocks during Nuna assembly followed by their near absence during Columbia amalgamation, contrasts with the thermobaric ratios recorded by the Phanerozoic Gondwana-Pangea assembly, where intermediate and low-T/P rocks dominated the final stage of Pangea amalgamation. This discrepancy may signify substantial changes in intraplate metamorphism and minor rearrangements during Columbia assembly compared to major continent–continent collisions, such as the Appalachian-Variscan Orogen as well as production and fast exhumation of high- to ultra-high-pressure rocks during the assembly of the supercontinent Pangea. Furthermore, the variation of thermobaric ratios aligns with the concept of a two-stage mega-supercontinent formation, emphasizing differences between the potentially oldest and youngest supercontinent cycles.