Advances in Fire Detection and Suppression: A Review of Contemporary Methods and Technologies

Abstract

Fires represent a serious threat to humans, property, and the environment. Timely detection and effective extinguishing are essential to reduce harmful consequences. This paper focuses on the analysis of contemporary methods, technologies, datasets and approaches for fire detection, prevention and suppression. Fire detection methods are divided into those applicable to indoor and outdoor settings, with special emphasis on challenges and solutions in each category. The methods reviewed in this paper include those based on image analysis, which include advanced image processing and machine learning techniques, enabling systems to recognize visual signs of fire. Furthermore, a review of publicly available datasets was conducted to provide a better understanding of currently existing fire analysis and detection methods. Next, an evaluation of sensor-based fire detection approaches was carried out, focusing on their capability to identify a wide range of combustion products. Fire suppression methods, including traditional practices and contemporary technologies such as robotic and drone systems, are reviewed, with particular emphasis on extinguishing fires caused by lithium-ion batteries, which require a unique approach due to their specific characteristics. The goal of this paper is to outline the current state of research and existing technologies, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and highlight potential areas for further research and development.