Global evidence on the prevalence of and risk factors associated with stress

Abstract

Background: Stress is a major public health issue linked to physical and mental health disorders, economic burdens, and social challenges. Understanding its prevalence and determinants across demographic and economic groups is essential for effective intervention. Methods: This study uses data from the Gallup World Poll, with over 300,000 participants across 131 countries. We apply linear probability regression models to examine the relationships between stress and factors such as demographics, socioeconomic status, and health. Results: Overall, 35.1 % of respondents report experiencing stress, with higher prevalence among females (36.1 %) compared to males (33.6 %) (p < .001). Stress is more common in high-income countries (36 %) than in low- and middle-income countries, but differences are small (2.3 percentage points). Key stress correlates include income instability (p < .01), health issues (p < .01), and food insecurity (p < .01). Gender differences are pronounced in high-income countries, where women report more stress. Conclusions: Addressing stress requires gender-sensitive interventions and economic policies that target income stability and job creation. Tailored programs can mitigate the health impacts of stress, reduce health disparities, and support progress toward UN SDG 3 on health and well-being.