A hydrated 2,3-diaminophenazinium chloride as a promising building block against SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Phenazine scaffolds are the versatile secondary metabolites of bacterial origin. It functions in the biological control of plant pathogens and contributes to the producing strains ecological fitness and pathogenicity. In the light of the excellent therapeutic properties of phenazine, we have synthesized a hydrated 2,3-diaminophenazinium chloride (DAPH+Cl−·3H2O) through direct catalytic oxidation of o-phenylenediamine with an iron(III) complex, [Fe(1,10-phenanthroline)2Cl2]NO3 in ethanol under aerobic condition. The crystal structure, molecular complexity and supramolecular aspects of DAPH+Cl− were confirmed and elucidated with different spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Crystal engineering study on DAPH+Cl− exhibits a fascinating formation of (H2O)2…Cl−…(H2O) cluster and energy framework analysis of defines the role of chloride ions in the stabilization of DAPH+Cl−. The bactericidal efficiency of the compound has been testified against few clinical bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae using the disc diffusion method and the results of high inhibition zone suggest its excellent antibacterial properties. The phenazinium chloride exhibits a significant percentage of cell viability and a considerable inhibition property against SARS-CoV-2 at non-cytotoxic concentration compared to remdesivir. Molecular docking studies estimate a good binding propensity of DAPH+Cl− with non-structural proteins (nsp2 and nsp7-nsp-8) and the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular dynamics simulation studies attribute the conformationally stable structures of the DAPH+Cl− bound Mpro and nsp2, nsp7-nsp8 complexes as evident from the considerable binding energy values, − 19.2 ± 0.3, − 25.7 ± 0.1, and − 24.5 ± 0.7 kcal/mol, respectively.