Sleep–wake state discrepancy does not impair the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: Findings from a large clinic sample

Abstract

The current study determined the extent to which sleep–wake state discrepancy impairs the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in a real-world clinical sample. Sleep–wake state discrepancy occurs when there is an inconsistency between a person's subjective and objective sleep, and is a common phenomenon amongst patients with insomnia. Limited information is available on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in treating patients who experience significant sleep–wake state discrepancy in “real-world” samples. In the present study, all patients with insomnia received cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia through an outpatient insomnia program (N = 386; mean age = 51.96 years, SD = 15.62; 65.97% [N = 254] female). Prior to treatment, participants completed a polysomnography sleep study and sleep diary, which was used to calculate sleep–wake state discrepancy. At pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, participants completed the Insomnia Severity Index and other questionnaires, and 1 week of sleep diaries from which sleep-onset latency, wake after sleep onset and other sleep variables were calculated. There were no differences in self-reported sleep-onset latency, wake after sleep onset or Insomnia Severity Index scores at post-treatment or 3-month follow-up between quintiles of sleep–wake state discrepancy. These results indicate that sleep–wake state discrepancy at pre-treatment does not predict treatment response to cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. Future research could examine multi-night assessments of sleep–wake state discrepancy to determine whether variations in discrepancy may relate to pre-treatment insomnia severity and cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia outcomes.